2^nd World Congress on Midwifery and Women’s Health Aug 28-30, 2017 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Midwifery care is holistic and continuous in nature, understanding of the social, cultural, spiritual, emotional, physical and psychological experiences of women.  Midwives are described as gatekeepers defining active labour. Prenatal care involves a series of regular tests and evaluations with the midwife. Moreover, Prenatal care also helps in detecting and preventing several types of diseases that can be attacked to mother and then spread to baby. Postnatal care should be a continuation of the care the woman received during her pregnancy, labour and birth of a new born. Post natal care should involve proper planning and regularly reviewing the content and timing of care, for individual women and their babies. Midwives serve child bearing women from initial puberty to menopause, including care for their new born (neonatology), antepartum, intra partum, postpartum and gynaecological care.

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There are various complications that affects woman either prior to pregnancy, during pregnancy or after pregnancy. These complications include diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, later age pregnancy or some genetic disorders. High risk pregnancy  have the potential to affect  the mother or the child , or both.

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 Becoming a parent is a major life changing event for the couple.Fatherhood mainly implies to the attitude of men towards pregnancy, child birth and child care. It describes the change in life as experienced by the first time father which includes becoming a father, changing relationship towards partner and developing a strong bond with their child. Fathers are one of the two parents and they play a vital role in child growth and development , socio emotional status as well as cognitive development. 

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Midwifery is an ancient profession practised throughout the world. Midwives are designated  as primary care providers, and their care includes primarily gynecologic and family planning; preconception; pregnancy, birth of newborn , postpartum period and normal newborn during the first 28 days of life. It plays a critical role in the treatment of male partners for sexually transmitted infections. Earlier, in 20th century, the sole place was home where midwives used to attend births. Later, the hospitals came into attention. Nurse midwives main role is to provide medical help to relatively healthy women, whose health, pregnancy and births are considered uncomplicated and not "high risk," as well as their neonates. Nurse midwives practice in private practice medical clinics, hospitals and may also deliver babies in birthing centres and attend at-home births. Some also work in academic institutions as professors.

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Most vulnerable populations in global health are women and children. Hence, making the Nurse Midwife and Family Nurse Practitioner program is logically fit for students interested. Programs teach advanced practices to midwives in order to better meet the need of the patients. The potential care specialties of a NP include: Paediatric, geriatric, neonatal, acute and occupational healthcare. Main area of focus of neonatal nurse specialists is infants. They may care for healthy infants, but pay special attention to premature or ill new born, or work solely with ill new born in a serious condition in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).  Psychiatric nurse practitioners are also known as Mental Health Nurse Practitioner.  Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners duty is same as psychiatrist, diagnosing, counselling and prescribing medications.

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Genuine Caring in Caring for the Genuine is how we define the midwifery model of care.  The word genuine expresses the nature of midwifery care, as well as the nature of each pregnant woman being cared for as a unique individual .The birth of a child marks one of the great events of life in any culture. But in most societies it carries with it a high risk of death or serious illness for both mother and child. With maternity care the main aim is to reach well-being of the childbearing woman and her optimal security. Midwives are well-suited to care for healthy women who expect to have a normal delivery. They provide prenatal care; care during labour and care after the birth. Midwives attend births in many hospitals throughout the United States. They also attended most of the births that take place in out-of-hospital birth centres and homes. 

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Midwives provide critical and life-saving care to women and baby.  Midwife requires various skills like Excellent personal skills to support huge diversity of women, during some of the most challenging and emotionally-intense periods in their lives. Good communication, observation and patience at listening and communicating with women, their partners and families are also required. Deep Interest is needed in the physical, psychological and process of pregnancy and birth to have an in-depth understanding of foetal and child development and must possess an efficient ability to answer questions and offer advice.

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During pregnancy or within the first year after delievery of the new born Perinatal depression generally occurs. Nowadays it is very common and most of the  Maternal suffers from depression througout their lifetime or childbearing period. Midwifery services helps in treatment and evaluation of problems related to pregnancy, post partum depression, miscarriage, adjustment to motherhood and infertility.

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Breast milk is considered as the perfect food for the baby. It protects the baby against various health related issues such as gastroenteritis and diarrhoea, ear and chest infections, allergies and diabetes. Breastfeeding minimizes the risk of bleeding after the birth. An early stage of nutrition for the infants laid the stone from the mother’s milk.  Through the breast milk, immunity begins to develop in a child. Breast feeding also aids in managing weight of the mother eventually.

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Paediatrics plays an important role in midwifery. It prepares the advanced practice nurses to provide primary health management to women and infants, children as well as adolescents. Paediatric nurses often help doctors by providing medical care and information about disease related issues and treatment plans to their young patients. They can be found working in clinics, hospitals and private practices. Midwives practice in hospitals and private medical clinics and may also deliver babies in birthing centres and attend at-home births. Some work as a professor in academic institutions. They are able to prescribe medications, treatments and medical devices, therapeutic and diagnostic measures. 

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The role of online nursing is to set and review standards for the education, training, conduct and performance. The Nursing and midwifery council maintains a track of all nurses, midwives and specialist community public health nurses who all appear in the eligibility criteria for practising. The NMC (National Midwifery Council) also make enquiries of impaired fitness to practise.  Bachelor's degrees in nursing program are offered in many schools. Nursing students enter undergraduate nursing school with the aim of becoming an Advanced Practice Nurse (APRN), while many others also desire to attend graduate school after years of Registered Nursing Labour. Delivery Nursing is a popular specialty among nurses, with some of these nurses seeking graduate education for Nurse Midwifery. 

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Licence Practice nursing (LPN) involves Compile patient health information, Take vital signs, monitor frequency and amounts, administer medications, checks blood pressure, Provide personal hygiene assistance to patients and conduct other basic care treatments.  Midwife nursing practice includes Evidence based practice (EBP) which is the conscientious use of current best evidence in making decisions about patient care and treatment. The impact of evidence-based practice (EBP) has echoed across nursing education, practise and science. Registered nursing (RN) requires a large base of knowledge used to plan, assess and intervene to promote health, prevent disease and aids patients to cope with illness. 

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Women have unique health related issue. Unique heath issues include pregnancy, menopause, and conditions of the female organs. Women can have a healthy pregnancy by getting proper, early and regular prenatal care. They are also recommended several tests for cervical cancer, breast cancer and bone density screenings. Complications of pregnancy include health problems that occur during pregnancy. They can involve baby's health, mother’s health or both. Diet and nutrition plays a major role during pregnancy time. Important nutritious diet includes Protein rich veg diet and Calcium rich recipes. The best time to try and conceive is during the ‘fertile window’ of the menstrual cycle i.e. ovulation time.

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Postpartum women need to have complete knowledge on the benefits of control and spacing their following pregnancy for both of their own and baby’s well-being. If they are not breastfeeding, their fertility may return by six weeks after the birth of a new born. In case of abortion and some failures, a female’s fertility can also arrive within two weeks. Hence, it is very important that women who receive post abortion care should have knowledge on full Family Planning information. By providing Family Planning counselling and appropriate contraceptive systems at the time females accept post abortion care facilities, providers can aid females to avoid the dangerous cycle of unwanted pregnancy or abortion.

Maternal nutrition plays a key role in foetal growth and development.  Maternal nutrition not only refers to the nutritional needs of women during the antenatal and postnatal period (i.e., when they are pregnant and breastfeeding) but also to the pre-conceptual period (i.e., adolescence). A healthy diet helps children to grow and learn. It also helps prevent obesity and other weight-related diseases, such as diabetes. Any kind of alterations in foetal nutrition or endocrine status may result in developmental adaptations that permanently change the structure, metabolism and physiology of the offspring, thereby predisposing individuals to metabolic, endocrine, and cardiovascular diseases in adult life. 

Reproductive endocrinology and infertility is a precise subspecialty of midwifery and gynaecology.  Most REI specialists importantly focus on the treatment of infertility, but they are also trained to estimate and treat hormonal dysfunctions and abnormalities in females and males outside infertility. Reproductive surgery is a related field, where a surgeon in urology further specializes to operate on various anatomical disorders that affect fertility. 

Both the female and male reproductive systems play a critical role in pregnancy. Any problem with these systems can adversely affect fertility and the ability to bear children. Hence, anything that directly affects reproductive health is known as a reproductive hazard. It mainly includes Radiation, Metals such as lead and mercury, Chemicals such as pesticides, Cigarettes, Some viruses or Alcohol. In case of men, a reproductive hazard affects the sperm. For a woman, a reproductive hazard can cause different effects during pregnancy, depending on the exposure. During the first 3 months of pregnancy, it results in birth defect or a miscarriage. During the last 6 months of pregnancy, it slows the growth of the foetus, affect the development of its brain, or cause premature labour.

NCI estimates that  uterine or endometrial cancer will be diagnosed in an estimated 39,080 American women this year, more than twice the number of women who will be diagnosed with ovarian (female reproductive glands) and cervical (lower part of the uterus)  cancers combined. However, in terms of 2007 deaths,  due to ovarian cancer  15,280 women died, while deaths caused by uterine (7,400) and cervical (3,670) cancers are lower than half that number. A total of 26,350 deaths from cancers of the female reproductive system took place. Hence, to avoid these cancers, it's important to understand them. Some important cancers include cervical cancer caused by a type of virus called as human papillomaviruses (HPV), endometrial cancer due to elevated level of oestrogens and ovarian cancer.

Reproductive and sexual health does not occur in vacuum but it is conditioned by culture, value and laws. Reproductive health implies that people can have a satisfying and safe sex life, capability to reproduce and freedom to decide. Its main job is to achieve success through encouragement and facilitation of compliance with human right values as well as collaborations with governmental and other different agencies in commitment of their resources.

Reproductive toxicity is a hazard related with some chemical substances that will affect the usual reproduction process; such materials are called as reprotoxic. It has adverse effects on sexual role and fertility in mature males and women and developmental toxicity in the offspring. The Worldwide Harmonized System of Organization and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) separate reproductive harmfulness from carcinogenicity and germ cell mutagenicity.  Some well-known group of substances which are poisonous for reproduction are mainly include  teratogens, constituents which cause birth deficiencies  of which(S)-thalidomide is possibly the most infamous; endocrine disruptors or lead compounds.

Sexual ethics or sex morals (also called erotic morality) are ethics that matters from all features of human sexuality, including human sexual performance. Generally speaking, erotic ethics mainly relate to personal and public values concerning the behaviour of personal relationships. This includes topics of accord, premarital sex and non-marital gender, queries about how sexual category and power are expressed through sexual performance, sexual associations before wedding or while married, how persons relate to civilisation and how separate performance impacts worries of public wellbeing.